The Effects of Underage Drinking and Driving While

The Effects of Underage Drinking and Driving While Under the Influence Heather Herrick Dr. Hawkins ENC1101 November 27, 2012 ABSTRACT: Underage drinking is one of the biggest problems in society today (â€Å"Enforcing†). Throughout childhood, the brain is making changes that assist in planning, decision making, controlling impulses, memory, speech and also how the body responds to drugs and alcohol (â€Å"NIAAA†).Not only does underage drinking cause problems with brain development and unprotected sex, but it also causes various fatalities. The purpose for this research is to help prevent underage drinking and driving while under the influence of alcohol and to reduce the number of fatalities not only in Volusia County but also throughout the United States. According to the West Volusia Beacon, bars and restaurants in downtown Deland were caught selling to people under the age of 21.Since then, the City Commission has passed an ordinance to penalize any bar or restauran t that is caught with five or more people under the age of 21 inside their facility after nine o’clock within a three month period, or if there are five or more people who are underage caught with a drink in their hand. Bar and restaurant owners agree that underage drinking has a negative effect on their business. Older folk don’t want to be surrounded by a college â€Å"frat-boy† atmosphere and that is why they stay away from the downtown area.Officials believe that if penalties are executed and enforced the right way that is the only way this ordinance will work (Horton). Nationally, making new laws and better enforcing older laws by using the EUDL (Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws) have helped prevent underage drinking. According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Congress created this program in 1998 along with the MLDA-21 and Zero Tolerance Laws, which prohibit the sale and possession of alcohol to anyone under the age of 21.These laws also h elp prevent the amount of drivers on the road with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) level of . 08 and above which has significantly decreased the number of fatal car accidents by a combined 58 percent (â€Å"Enforcing†). Other laws prohibit anyone under the age of 21 from altering or borrowing from a driver’s license from someone to make it appear as if they are 21, carry alcohol in their car or on their body on any street, highway or public place or be in a bar while under the influence of alcohol.A program called the â€Å"Midwestern Prevention Program† combines strategies to help educate children of how harmful drugs and alcohol can be, how to identify social encounters where drugs and alcohol may be involved and how to avoid such situations through extracurricular activities, the amount of alcohol advertising children are exposed to, prevention programs where both families and the community are involved and changing and creating new policies such as the minimum drinking age and other laws (â€Å"Other Laws†).The survey conducted with the students at Deland High School gives a general estimate of how often teenagers in high school consume alcohol, where they get alcohol from, if their parents support their drinking habits, if they drive after drinking and includes a written response from the teenagers about the reasons behind why they drink. The conclusion made from the survey is that most children are likely to try alcohol or drink regularly while in high school. However, it is their parents who have an overall effect on how much their children drink.These results show that more study should be conducted on the overall effects and experiences caused by underage drinking. INTRODUCTION: As the years have passed, underage drinking has become a bigger and bigger problem. Nationwide there are an estimated 10. 8 million underage drinkers. Forty percent of those 10. 8 million were provided free alcohol by someone 21 or older. Annually, 15 percent of the total alcohol consumed in the United States is consumed by people ages 12-21 (â€Å"Other Laws†) and 9. 4 percent have an alcohol abuse disorder (â€Å"Nationwide†).In just one year, problems caused by underage drinking cost the citizens of the United States 60. 3 billion dollars (â€Å"Enforcing†). In 2007, specifically in Florida, underage drinking cost the state $4. 5 billion in medical bills and property damage (â€Å"Florida’s†) and out of the 4,915 car accidents in Volusia County alone last year, 679 were caused by alcohol (â€Å"FloridaCHARTS†). Risking children’s health and futures, underage drinking is responsible for over 5,000 deaths annually throughout the United States.Alcohol is the most commonly used and abuse drug since it isn’t very difficult to obtain. Fueling the fire of underage drinking is lack of parental guidance (â€Å"New†); in a survey given by Nationwide Insurance to 2,006 Ameri can households over the phone, the results show that 57 percent believe that parents have the biggest impact on whether their children drink alcohol, 16 percent think it is okay for parents to supervise a party where there is alcohol being consumed by minors and 8 percent believe it is okay for adults to provide their children with alcohol (â€Å"Statistics†).Although there are programs and laws in action to reduce the occurrence of underage drinking, they aren’t being enforced or publicized like they should be. For example, in Tallahassee Florida, the Tallahassee Police Department has been cracking down on underage drinking at nearby universities such as: Florida State, Florida A&M and Tallahassee Community College, along with anyone else under the age of 21 with a drink in their hand. These actions are also similar to the ones being taken in Deland Florida (Horton).The first time being caught drinking under the age of 21, the offender is charged with a second-degree misdemeanor and may also be put into a diversion program by a judge, the second time the person will be charged with a first-degree misdemeanor, given jail time for up to a year and receive fines up to $1,000 (â€Å"City†). Although, in Tallahassee, a college town where some students drink or have been drinking since before college, Florida State University is considered the most â€Å"raging party scene† out of all the colleges in Florida according to CollegeProwler. om (â€Å"Rankings†) and even though law enforcement can slightly reduce the amount of underage drinking, it will be more than a challenge to completely put a stop to it. PLANNED OBSERVATION: There are many rumors and expectations of what goes on at high school parties. So, upon invitation I attended a high school Halloween party (strictly for research) to observe and record the social surroundings before, during and after a person under the age of 21 participates in underage drinking and to also s ee what different kinds of injuries, accidents, and other activities can occur when teenagers consume amounts of alcohol.Upon pulling into the driveway, there were 30-40 cars were parked on the front lawn along with cars parked along the sides of the road. The girl and her mother, who were hosting the party, were in the front yard directing people where to park. In the backyard there were multiple groups of teenagers numbering about five of six to a group dressed in their costumes and most holding drinks in their hands. While walking around the backyard, I talked with a few of the partygoers. â€Å"So what brought you here tonight? † I asked one boy I approached.Sounding heavily intoxicated he replied, â€Å"I’m here to have a good time and get f****d up! † while walking to the back porch of the house. To my left there were two girls competing to see who could do the most back handsprings in a row. The first girl completed five back handsprings. The second compl eted seven, but upon landing her seventh flip she cut her foot open on a shattered glass bottle that was in the grass she was tumbling on. The main focus of this observation was having a conversation with the mother who was hosting the party.During the conversation I asked what motivated her to throw this party. â€Å"To make my daughter happy. † she said. â€Å"Honestly, my daughter has never really been one of the popular girls in school. There has been times where she has come home crying because kids have picked on her†¦ When she asked me if she could throw a Halloween party I didn’t say yes immediately, it definitely took some convincing but I figured it would make her happy and other children like her. † The next question I asked her was how she planned on handling all the teens that planned on drinking and then leaving afterwards.She said, â€Å"If anyone has had any amount of alcohol at my house they are not leaving. Upon entering my home I made ev eryone, whether they planned on drinking or not, give me his or her keys and no one will be allowed to leave unless they have a parent picking them up or if they have a designated driver. If they don’t have either of those, they’re staying the night here. † SURVEYING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A survey containing 13 questions was conducted to discover how often underage drinking occurs among the students at Deland High School.The survey also collects information about where teenagers get their alcohol from, how their parents feel about underage drinking, why they drink, and if they’ve ever driven after drinking or ridden with someone who was under the influence of alcohol. A total of 75 surveys were given to students with ages ranging from thirteen to seventeen in the Deland High School cafeteria. The first and second questions on the survey ask if they’re a boy or girl to see whether more males or females take part in underage drinking, forty-five boys and thirty girls were surveyed.The second question asks their age to see if as the students get older if more of them participate in underage drinking. One 13 year old, five 14 year olds, thirty-two 15 year olds, twenty-six 16 year olds, and eleven 17 year olds were interviewed. The third question asked is â€Å"Have you ever drunk any amount of alcohol before? Yes/No†. Forty of the forty-five boys surveyed answered yes and 21 of the 30 girls answered yes as well. Although there were more boys than girl surveyed, it is obvious that the amount of boys who drink exceeds the number of girls, meaning boys are more likely to participate in underage drinking than girls. Have you ever driven after drinking? Yes/No† was the fourth question asked. Eleven boys answered yes, the remaining answered no. Fifteen girls answered yes, eleven answered no and the remaining four did not answer the question. The results from this question were surprising in both a good and bad way. Half of the girls admitted to driving after consuming some amount of alcohol. Whereas only a quarter of the boys surveyed answered no, that they had never drove after drinking.Question number five was a joint question with the question before asking â€Å"If not, have you ever ridden with someone after they had been drinking? † Twenty-six boys answered yes, the remaining nineteen answered no and twenty-two of the thirty-answered yes. These results show that even if some teens weren’t operating a vehicle after consuming alcohol, they were in a vehicle with someone who was under the influence of alcohol that could have led to a car accident involving not only themselves, but also one or more drivers on the road at that time.The sixth question asked was â€Å"Where do you drink most often? (Choose all the apply)† the students put and â€Å"X† or a check mark next to parties, a friend’s house or at home. Between boys and girls, a total of forty-eight said they have drank at parties, thirty-four say they have drank at a friend’s house and thirty have drank in their own home. â€Å"Where do you usually get your alcohol? † was the next question. The students put an â€Å"X† or a check mark next to friends, family, store, fake I. D. and/or stranger and chose all that applied.The results of this question show that forty-three students get their alcohol from a friend, twenty-four receive alcohol from one or more of their family members, twenty-seven buy alcohol from a store that sells to underage persons, two use a fake I. D. to purchase alcohol and ten have a complete stranger buy alcohol for them. This questions purpose is to show how easy it is for a person under the age of 21 to buy or receive alcohol and how common it is for someone 21 or over to provide minors with alcohol.Question eight asks, â€Å"Do your parents allow you to drink? Yes/No† twenty-one of the thirty girls and thirty-four of the forty-five boy s surveyed answered no that their parents do not allow them to drink. After comparing these results with the results from the third question asked on the survey, it’s obvious that most parents are unaware of their children’s participation in underage drinking and any other participation in dangerous activity such as driving under the influence, unprotected sex, etc. ifty-seven of the seventy-five students surveyed admitted to having one or more drinks of alcohol in their life, however, fifty-five of those fifty-seven parents do not allow their children to drink but they do it anyway. Question number nine asks â€Å"how many times have you drunk any amount of alcohol? † the students answered on a scale of 0, 1-5, 5-10, 10-15 and too many to count. Twenty-eight students answered 1-5 times, eleven answered 5-10 times, four answered 10-15, twenty-four answered too many times to count, five answered 0 and three didn’t put an answer at all.Continuing from the p revious question, number ten asks, â€Å"Out of those times, how many times have you been â€Å"drunk†? †. Twenty-three students answered every time, six answered 6-10 times, nineteen answered 1-5 times and twenty-two answered that they had never been â€Å"drunk† after consuming alcohol. Question 11 asks â€Å"Have your parents ever provided you with transportation after a night of drinking? † twenty-one answered yes while the remaining fifty-one answered no and three did not put an answer. The results from this question provide valuable information about the role parent’s play in a child’s participation and opinion on underage drinking.The next question asked â€Å"Do you think underage drinking is a severe problem in today’s society? † forty-five students answered yes, they do think it is a problem. The remaining thirty answered no they don’t think it is a severe problem. This question shows that even though more than half of the students surveyed believe underage drinking is a problem, 84 percent still drink. The last question was a written response which asked the students â€Å"Why do you drink? † twenty-seven answered, â€Å"to have fun†, eight said, â€Å"peer pressure† or â€Å"to fit in†, five said depression, and five answered, â€Å"to get drunk†.The remaining students didn’t answer or answered that they don’t drink. The overall discovery made by this survey is that most teenagers in high school are likely to drink based on their parents opinions on drinking, how easily and where they can access alcohol, and for social and emotional reasons as well. Although the survey shows that boys are more likely to drink than girls, the girls who do drink are more likely to drive after drinking which raises the chance of car accidents involving not only that person but one or more people in the cars surrounding them.Another surprising result of this survey was discovering where teens get their alcohol from, in a brief conversation with one of the people interviewed; they said, â€Å"Yeah, alcohol is definitely not as hard to get ahold of as it should be. There are a couple gas stations in Deland that will practically sell (alcohol) to anyone; they’d probably even sell to an infant just as long as they’re making a buck. † After asking another student where someone would get alcohol if there weren’t gas stations that sold to minors, they said: â€Å"They would probably get it from someone who is 21 or older, like family or friends.I know people who pay random people in parking lots to go buy alcohol for them. † Upon request, the names of these students will not be revealed; however, the information from these quotes verifies that teens have no trouble accessing alcohol which helps prevent their parents from finding out. RESULTS: This project was conducted to research how common drinking is among high school students, what scenarios influence children to take part in underage drinking, and what actions are being taken to help put a stop to underage drinking.Nationwide, approximately 5,000 people under the age of 21 die every year from alcohol related causes (â€Å"Underage Drinking†). Problems resulting from underage drinking are various fatalities, unwanted or unprotected sex, and disruption of brain development, lack of participation in school, legal problems and numerous physical injuries. Organizations such as the NIAAA and SAMHSA provide help, guidance and information to those who struggle with alcohol abuse and other drug problems. Programs started by these organizations help cure and reduce substance abuse and mental illness all over America.Conclusions from this survey show that many parents are unaware of their children’s participation in underage drinking, although some parents agree with the statement that they would rather â€Å"have their childre n drink in their home where they can be supervised rather than in a random place where there is little to no supervision†. These parents are the ones who support their children’s drinking habits by buying them alcohol, providing transportation and hosting parties where people from the ages of 12 to 21 engage in underage drinking.A survey given to the students at Deland High School shows that most students participate in underage drinking, however, a large percentage of the students who drink also agree that underage drinking is one of the biggest problems in society today. The survey also provides information about where or who supplies them with alcohol and how easy it is for them to obtain. The planned observation portion of this project brings to light the support of underage drinking provided by parents and also the dangerous events that can lead to injuries and even death while a minor is under the influence of alcohol.Overall, what was learned from this research i s that underage drinking is a growing problem in today’s society. It is the cause for thousands of deaths not only in Volusia County or the state of Florida, but also throughout the United States. This research displays how often underage drinking occurs in just one city, not including the rest of Florida and what actions can be taken to reduce and possibly even abolish underage drinking altogether. WORKS CITED â€Å"Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws. † CSPI Alcohol Policy. Web. 10 Oct. 012 â€Å"FloridaCHARTS. com-Florida Health Statistics and Community Health Data. † Florida Department of Health. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Official Website Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. † Web. 10. Oct. 2012 â€Å"New Nationwide Report Estimates That 40 Percent of Underage Drinkers Received Free Alcohol From Adults Over 21. † SAMHSA. 28. June. 2008. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Florida’s Enforcement of Underage Drinking. † Moses & Ro oth, Attorneys at Law. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Other Laws. † Laws RegardingDrugs, Alcohol and Driving. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Underage Drinking & the Law. † Underage Drinking & the Law. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. â€Å"City Cracks down on Underage Drinking. † The Famuan. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. â€Å"College Rankings – Most Raging Party Scene in Florida. † College Prowler. N. p. , n. d. Web Horton, Jen. â€Å"DeLand Cracks down on Underage Drinking – The West Volusia Beacon. † Deland Cracks down on Underage Drinking – The West Volusia Beacon. The West Volusia Beacon, 15 July 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2012.

A Summary of “My Trip to Land of Gandhi” Essay Example

A Summary of â€Å"My Trip to Land of Gandhi† Essay Example A Summary of â€Å"My Trip to Land of Gandhi† Essay A Summary of â€Å"My Trip to Land of Gandhi† Essay In â€Å"My trip to the Land of Gandhi† Martin Luther King states we should help India preserve her soul thus help to save our own. India was struggling with several national problems, and according to this article, Martin Luther King is describing India’s issues and reasoning why we should help them. At the first of this article, Martin Luther King states how he made a trip to India, what he felt from land of India, and people of India. Martin Luther King made a trip to India with his wife and his friends by recommendation of Pandit Jawahalal, India’s prime minister, and Chester Bowles, former American ambassador of India. Prior to Martin Luther King and his fellows arriving in India, India Newspaper introduced them to people of India, so they were already famous in India. The people of India recognized Martin Luther King and even they asked for autograph. Martin Luther King recognized India had quite a few problems, which are homeless, food shortage, unemployment, and problem of segregation. Martin Luther King recognized the problem of segregation in India is similar to racism in America, except India called it caste, and America called race. Two nations reacted to this problem differently. India puts moral power behind their law, but America decline to render a moral judgment on segregation. Like this, Martin Luther King shared the ideas of being a people of colony, which are same as being minority, racialism, and imperialism with people of India. Martin Luther King also recognized that Gandhi’s nonviolence campaign was still ongoing in land of India. The spirit of Gandhi was very much alive in India. Gandhi’s influence felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy. Based on Gandhi’s teaching, people of India was running nonviolence campaign to resolve their problems; homeless, food shortage, unemployment, and problem of segregation. Although their efforts were starting to pay off on some areas, it wasn’t enough to overturn one specific issue: the ownership of land. They’ve been running a campaign regarding the reformation of land. Mainly they were persuading big land owners to give up the land and letting farmers to develop it. But their problems were not solved just by reforming the land ownership. India needed outside capital and technical know-how. The main reason Martin Luther King wrote this article was to persuade Americans to help India. He states that India is a tremendous force of peace and nonviolence in both their nationally and world widely. It is a land where the idealists and the intellectuals are yet respected. Martin Luther King believed that for those reason, We, Americans should help India to resolve their problems and it will help us to save our own.

Connections between 3 stories essays

Connections between 3 stories essays Are there any connections between the past three stories we read? The stories are To Build A Fire, A White Heron, and The Shipping News. In stories, I think you can always find some kind of connection, whether it be a miniscule little detail, or the plots of the stories are the same. In these three stories the connection I see is that the main character in each seems as though they are going to keep blubbering on in the world. In the end of each, these characters bring a peace of mind to the reader in that you know what happened to them for the most part. In To Build A Fire the man seems as though hes just going to keep on walking in the endless cold. Hes just going to keep on saying to himself, It really is cold out. Or, hes just going to keep on beating his frozen hands off his legs to get some feeling back in them. And, hes just going to keep on building a fire when the numbness in his limbs gets to be too unbearable. Finally, when he builds the second fire, it is put out by and avalanche of snow from the trees branches above. Then, his appendages get too numb to grasp at grass to start another fire, or to even kill the dog and keep warm in its carcass. So, he runs and runs, and gets the blood moving a bit, and after a while accepts the fact that he is going to freeze to death. With this new serenity, he gives in to the drowsiness associated with a person freezing to death, and drifts off to the eternal peace that awaits him. In A White Heron, Sylvia is a little girl who does nothing during the day except for to search around for her wandering cow. The cow hides among bushes and wanders around all day, and at the end of the day, Sylvia comes in search to take the cow home to be milked. She watches birds and animals all day long, and befriends a lot of them. Then comes along this ...

Using Can and Be Able to to Speak About Abilities

Using Can and Be Able to to Speak About Abilities Can and Be able to are both used to speak about abilities, and the possibility of doing something. Can and Be able to are known as modal verbs in English. Here are some examples of can and be able to used to speak about abilities. Can for Abilities She can play tennis.They could speak English at a very young age.Peter can type 100 words per minute. Be Able to for Abilities My sister is able to run a marathon.The students were able to get an A on the test.We will be able to attend the class next semester. Here are examples of the two forms to speak about possibilities. Can for Possibilities Can you come to the party next week?Do you think he can help with my homework?Peter told me he could pick you up at the airport. Be Able to for Possibilities We werent able to get tickets to the concert.Shell be able to study for the test tomorrow.Jack wont be able to come for another three days. Listed below are examples and explanations for can/could/be able to for ability and permission in the past, present. and future. Examples Usage He can play tennis well.She is able to speak five languages.They can come on Friday.Jack will be able to come next week. Use can or be able to to express an ability or possibilityNOTE: The future of be able to is will be able to He could swim when he was five. Could in the past means the general ability to do something. They were able to get tickets for the concert.I was able to finish before 6.I couldnt come last night, sorry. OR I wasnt able to come last night, sorry. IMPORTANT: If someone was in the position to do something, or managed to do something, we use was/were able to instead of couldIn the negative, wasnt able to OR couldnt are both correct. Note: Can is also often used to ask for permission, as well as may: Can I come with you? May I come with you? Practice Can/Be Able To Practice can and be able to with this role play. Once youve finished, make up some of your own dialogues and practice with a classmate or a friend.   Peter: Hi Janet. Can you help me for a moment?Janet: Sure, whats up? Peter: Im not able to understand this math problem.  Janet: Really. I think I can help, but Im not that good at math. Peter: You were able to all the problems last semester, werent you?Janet: Yes, thats right, but I cant do everything. Let me see.   Peter: Here you go.Janet: Interesting, are you sure youre not able to do this? Peter: Yes, thats why Im asking for help!Janet: OK. After I explain this, youll be able to do without any problems. Peter: Great. So whats the answer?!Janet: Dont be in a hurry. Can I have a few minutes to think? Peter: Of course you can. Sorry.  Janet: No problem.

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture Essay

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture - Essay Example The business activities of the American women in the colonial period were oriented around the well-being of their home and family, so things like fashion were of tertiary importance to them. Unlike them, the modern American women get in fashion as soon as they reach adolescence. Modern American women smoke and drink in public, and embrace consumer culture. One way in which the role of women has significantly changed in the consumer culture in America since the colonial period is that women today have become the means of propagation of consumer culture both through consumption and through advertising. The ad of a new car is incomplete without a lady oozing sex appeal standing next to it in the poster. Women have become more of sexualized objects in the media unlike women of the colonial period. The sexual objectification is voluntarily portrayed in ads to draw increased attention of the consumers. Besides, gender equality and women empowerment have made women equally strong consumers today as

THE BUSINESS PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THE BUSINESS PLAN - Essay Example We look at those management team who must have at least 10 or more years of experience on the field. The Island View Restaurant’s emphasis will be placed also on efficient management practices in almost all its functional areas of financing, directing, staffing and better decision making. Canvey Island is generally regarded to be in great need of friendly environment with excellent food and drinks. The restaurant will offer wide range of food ingredients and recipes from different countries food specialists. The Restaurant’s menu would be prepared considering wide range of food and drinks from different countries most marketed food and drinks. The restaurant would be a place where international food and drinks are provided to those who come from different areas of the world. So, our customers would be able to taste different international foods like Chinese food, Indian ingredients, Arabian meals etc. Moreover the staffs would be selected from both village and cities and will be given training programs so as to enable them prepare most quality foods and serve a friendly atmosphere within the restaurant. The target audience will be general public and rich people who generally need organic food and drinks. The targeted market includes Canvey Island population of more than 34,000 and more from other cities, islands, and even countries who visit Canvey Island. These keys of our mission will enable the restaurant achieve our mission goals. The business management primarily understand that any business can be successful only when it realizes why it is in the field concerned and what kinds of services it is supposed to provide to its customers. The priority is customer satisfaction. This customer satisfaction can be achieved by providing right service along with right information at right time and right place. We value this fundamental marketing principle. The mission is to provide great tasting food and drinks as well as to offer efficient

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To what extent does the British experience differ when compared against the major competitors - Essay Example The cause of the increase in unemployment is still associated with various issues that citizens claim to have resulted from poor decision making in the UK. They include the agreement to join the ERM, international economics, and the Lawson boom. However, the consequences were severely bitter in the intensity of unemployment, let alone deterioration in public finances. According to Mullard, â€Å"between 1990 and 1992 UK unemployment increased from 1.8 million to nearly 3 million, while public finances moved from a positive balance in 1990 to a public sector deficit of  £50 billion in 1993 – an equivalent of 8 per cent of GDP†.The situation occurred when most of the workforce in Britain was concentrated in manufacturing industries, especially in the northern cities where steel, coal, and engineering industries were common. Although the OECD countries accounted for almost 35 million job loss between 1970 and 2000, the UK experience which fluctuated between 2 and 3 milli on job loss exceeded Germany and France who accounted for 1.1 and 1.4 millions respectively; with Yorkshire, East Lancashire, and South Yorkshire holding 10 percent each, of the unemployment rate in 1980s in UK. It is evident that the employers in UK shed more labor to minimize losses that when the calm from recession was returning, the existing labour force was insufficient to run effectively. The average rate of unemployment between 1981 and 85 was 10.5, 5.6, 6.2, 9.0 and 8.3 in UK, Italy, Germany, France and USA respectively (Irvin, 2011, p. 5).The unemployment duration seemed to contribute significantly to the increase in unemployment in